CARCINOGENS

A chemical is considered a carcinogen if:

- It has been evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and found to be a carcinogen or potential carcinogen; or
- It is listed as a carcinogen or potential carcinogen in the Annual Report on Carcinogens published by the National Toxicology Program (NTP); or
- It is regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) as a carcinogen.

International Agency for Research on Cancer

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) was established in 1965 by the World Health Organization. IARC's mission is to coordinate and conduct research on the causes of human cancer, and to develop scientific strategies for cancer control. The Agency is involved in both epidemiological and laboratory research, and disseminates scientific information through meetings, publications, courses and fellowships. The IARC evaluates the carcinogenic risk of various materials to humans, but does not make recommendations.

The following list of materials has been compiled by the IARC as:
Group 1 Carcinogens: Materials known to be carcinogenic to humans (70)

Agents and groups of agents

Aflatoxins, naturally occurring [1402-68-2]
4-Aminobiphenyl [92-67-1]
Arsenic [7440-38-2] and arsenic compounds (NB: This evaluation applies to the group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all individual compounds within the group)
Asbestos [1332-21-4]
Azathioprine [446-86-6]
Benzene [71-43-2]
Benzidine [92-87-5]
Beryllium [7440-41-7] and beryllium compounds (NB: Evaluated as a group)
N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine (Chlornaphazine) [494-03-1]
Bis(chloromethyl)ether [542-88-1] and chloromethyl methyl ether [107-30-2] (technical-grade)
1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulfonate (Busulphan; Myleran) [55-98-1]
Cadmium [7440-43-9] and cadmium compounds (Vol. 58; 1993)
(NB: Evaluated as a group)
Chlorambucil [305-03-3]
1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (Methyl-CCNU; Semustine) [13909-09-6]
Chromium[VI] compounds (NB: Evaluated as a group)
Ciclosporin [79217-60-0]
Cyclophosphamide [50-18-0] [6055-19-2]
Diethylstilboestrol [56-53-1]
Erionite [66733-21-9]
Ethylene oxide [75-21-8] (NB: Overall evaulation upgraded from 2A to 1 with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Helicobacter pylori(infection with)
Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection with)
Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection with)
Human papillomavirus type 16
Human papillomavirus type 18
Melphalan [148-82-3]
8-Methoxypsoralen (Methoxsalen) [298-81-7] plus ultraviolet A radiation
MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents
Mustard gas (Sulfur mustard) [505-60-2]
2-Naphthylamine [91-59-8]
Nickel compounds (NB: Evaluated as a group)
Oestrogen replacement therapy
Oestrogens, nonsteroidal (NB: This evaluation applies to the group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all individual compounds within the group)
Oestrogens, steroidal (NB: This evaluation applies to the group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all individual compounds within the group)
Opisthorchis viverrini (infection with)
Oral contraceptives, combined (NB: There is also conclusive evidence that these agents have a protective effect aginst cancers of the ovary and endometrium)
Oral contraceptives, sequential
Radon [10043-92-2] and its decay products
Schistosoma haematobium (infection with)
Solar radiation
Talc containing asbestiform fibres
Tamoxifen [10540-29-1] (NB: There is also conclusive evidence that this agent (tamoxifen) reduces the risk of contralateral breast cancer)
Thiotepa [52-24-4]
Treosulfan [299-75-2]
Vinyl chloride [75-01-4]

Mixtures

Alcoholic beverages
Analgesic mixtures containing phenacetin
Betel quid with tobacco
Coal-tar pitches [65996-93-2]
Coal-tars [8007-45-2]
Mineral oils, suntreated and mildly treated
Salted fish (Chinese-style)
Shale-oils [68308-34-9]
Soots
Tobacco products, smokeless
Tobacco smoke
Wood dust

Exposure circumstances

Aluminium production
Auramine, manufacture of
Boot and shoe manufacture and repair
Coal gasification
Coke production
Furniture and cabinet making
Haematite mining (underground) with exposure to radon
Iron and steel founding
Isopropanol manufacture (strong-acid process)
Magenta, manufacture of (Vol. 57; 1993)
Painter (occupational exposure as a)
Rubber industry
Strong-inorganic-acid mists containing sulfuric acid (occupational exposure to)

The following list of materials has been compiled by the IARC as:
Group 2A: Materials that are probably carcinogenic to humans (57)

Agents and groups of agents

Acrylamide [79-06-1] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Acrylonitrile [107-13-1]
Adriamycin [23214-92-8] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Androgenic (anabolic) steroids
Azacitidine [320-67-2] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Benz[a]anthracene [56-55-3] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Benzidine-based dyes (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Benzo[a]pyrene [50-32-8] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Bischloroethyl nitrosourea (BCNU) [154-93-8]
1,3-Butadiene [106-99-0]
Captafol [2425-06-1] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Chloramphenicol [56-75-7] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) [13010-47-4] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
para-Chloro-ortho-toluidine [95-69-2] and its strong acid salts (NB: Evaluated as a group)
Chlorozotocin [54749-90-5] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Cisplatin [15663-27-1] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Clonorchis sinensis (infection with) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene [53-70-3] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Diethyl sulfate [64-67-5]
Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride [79-44-7] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Dimethyl sulfate [77-78-1] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Epichlorohydrin [106-89-8] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Ethylene dibromide [106-93-4] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea [759-73-9] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Formaldehyde [50-00-0]
Human papillomavirus type 31
Human papillomavirus type 33
(2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline) [76180-96-6] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
5-Methoxypsoralen [484-20-8] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
4,4-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) [101-14-4] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
N-Methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) [70-25-7] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea [684-93-5] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Nitrogen mustard [51-75-2]
N-Nitrosodiethylamine [55-18-5] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
N-Nitrosodimethylamine [62-75-9] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Phenacetin [62-44-2]
Procarbazine hydrochloride [366-70-1] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Silica [14808-60-7], crystalline
Styrene-7,8-oxide [96-09-3] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Tetrachloroethylene [127-18-4]
Trichloroethylene [79-01-6]
1,2,3-Trichloropropane [96-18-4]
Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate [126-72-7] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Ultraviolet radiation A (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Ultraviolet radiation B (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Ultraviolet radiation C (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Vinyl bromide [593-60-2] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Vinyl fluoride [75-02-5]

Mixtures

Creosotes [8001-58-9]
Diesel engine exhaust
Hot mate
Non-arsenical insecticides (occupational exposures in spraying and application of)
Polychlorinated biphenyls [1336-36-3]

Exposure circumstances

Art glass, glass containers and pressed ware (manufacture of)
Hairdresser or barber (occupational exposure as a)
Petroleum refining (occupational exposures in)
Sunlamps and sunbeds (use of)

The following list of materials has been compiled by the IARC as:
Group 2B: Materials that are possibly carcinogenic to humans (224)

Agents and groups of agents

A-alpha-C (2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole) [26148-68-5]
Acetaldehyde [75-07-0]
Acetamide [60-35-5]
AF-2 [2-(2-Furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide] [3688-53-7]
Aflatoxin M1 [6795-23-9]
para-Aminoazobenzene [60-09-3]
ortho-Aminoazotoluene [97-56-3]
2-Amino-5-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole [712-68-5]
Amitrole [61-82-5]
ortho-Anisidine [90-04-0]
Antimony trioxide [1309-64-4]
Aramite® [140-57-8]
Atrazine [1912-24-9] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Auramine [492-80-8] (technical-grade)
Azaserine [115-02-6]
Benzo[b]fluoranthene [205-99-2]
Benzo[j]fluoranthene [205-82-3]
Benzo[k]fluoranthene [207-08-9]
Benzofuran [271-89-6]
Benzyl violet 4B [1694-09-3]
Bleomycins [11056-06-7] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Bracken fern
Bromodichloromethane [75-27-4]
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) [25013-16-5]
beta-Butyrolactone [3068-88-0]
Caffeic acid [331-39-5]
Carbon black [1333-86-4]
Carbon tetrachloride [56-23-5]
Ceramic fibres
Chlordane [57-74-9]
Chlordecone (Kepone) [143-50-0]
Chlorendic acid [115-28-6]
alpha-Chlorinated toluenes (benzyl chloride, benzal chloride,
benzotrichloride)
para-Chloroaniline [106-47-8]
Chloroform [67-66-3]
1-Chloro-2-methylpropene [513-37-1]
Chlorophenols
Chlorophenoxy herbicides
4-Chloro-ortho-phenylenediamine [95-83-0]
CI Acid Red 114 [6459-94-5]
CI Basic Red 9 [569-61-9]
CI Direct Blue 15 [2429-74-5]
Citrus Red No. 2 [6358-53-8]
Cobalt [7440-48-4] and cobalt compounds (NB: Evaluated as a group)
para-Cresidine [120-71-8]
Cycasin [14901-08-7]
Dacarbazine [4342-03-4]
Dantron (Chrysazin; 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone) [117-10-2]
Daunomycin [20830-81-3]
DDT [p,p'-DDT, 50-29-3]
N,N'-Diacetylbenzidine [613-35-4]
2,4-Diaminoanisole [615-05-4]
4,4'-Diaminodiphenyl ether [101-80-4]
2,4-Diaminotoluene [95-80-7]
Dibenz[a,h]acridine [226-36-8]
Dibenz[a,j]acridine [224-42-0]
7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole [194-59-2]
Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene [192-65-4]
Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene [189-64-0]
Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene [189-55-9]
Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene [191-30-0]
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane [96-12-8]
para-Dichlorobenzene [106-46-7]
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine [91-94-1]
3,3'-Dichloro-4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether [28434-86-8]
1,2-Dichloroethane [107-06-2]
Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) [75-09-2]
1,3-Dichloropropene [542-75-6] (technical-grade)
Dichlorvos [62-73-7]
Diepoxybutane [1464-53-5]
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate [117-81-7]
1,2-Diethylhydrazine [1615-80-1]
Diglycidyl resorcinol ether [101-90-6]
Dihydrosafrole [94-58-6]
Diisopropyl sulfate [2973-10-6]
3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine (ortho-Dianisidine) [119-90-4]
para-Dimethylaminoazobenzene [60-11-7]
trans-2-[(Dimethylamino)methylimino]-5-[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-vinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole [25962-77-0]
2,6-Dimethylaniline (2,6-Xylidine) [87-62-7]
3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine (ortho-Tolidine) [119-93-7]
Dimethylformamide [68-12-2]
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine [57-14-7]
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine [540-73-8]
3,7-Dinitrofluoranthene [105735-71-5]
3,9-Dinitrofluoranthene [22506-53-2]
1,6-Dinitropyrene [42397-64-8]
1,8-Dinitropyrene [42397-65-9]
2,4-Dinitrotoluene [121-14-2]
2,6-Dinitrotoluene [606-20-2]
1,4-Dioxane [123-91-1]
Disperse Blue 1 [2475-45-8]
Ethyl acrylate [140-88-5]
Ethylene thiourea [96-45-7]
Ethyl methanesulfonate [62-50-0]
2-(2-Formylhydrazino)-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole [3570-75-0]
Furan [110-00-9]
Glasswool
Glu-P-1 (2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole) [67730-11-4]
Glu-P-2 (2-Aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole) [67730-10-3]
Glycidaldehyde [765-34-4]
Griseofulvin [126-07-8]
HC Blue No. 1 [2784-94-3]
Heptachlor [76-44-8]
Hexachlorobenzene [118-74-1]
Hexachlorocyclohexanes
Hexamethylphosphoramide [680-31-9]
Human papillomaviruses: some types other than 16, 18, 31 and 33
Hydrazine [302-01-2]
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene [193-39-5]
Iron-dextran complex [9004-66-4]
Isoprene [78-79-5]
Lasiocarpine [303-34-4]
Lead [7439-92-1] and lead compounds, inorganic (NB: Evaluated as a group)
Magenta [632-99-5] (containing CI Basic Red 9)
MeA-alpha-C (2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole) [68006-83-7]
Medroxyprogesterone acetate [71-58-9]
MeIQ (2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline) [77094-11-2]
MeIQx (2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline) [77500-04-0]
Merphalan [531-76-0]
2-Methylaziridine (Propyleneimine) [75-55-8]
Methylazoxymethanol acetate [592-62-1]
5-Methylchrysene [3697-24-3]
4,4'-Methylene bis(2-methylaniline) [838-88-0]
4,4'-Methylenedianiline [101-77-9]
Methylmercury compounds (Vol. 58; 1993) (NB: Evaluated as a group)
Methyl methanesulfonate [66-27-3]
2-Methyl-1-nitroanthraquinone [129-15-7] (uncertain purity)
N-Methyl-N-nitrosourethane [615-53-2]
Methylthiouracil [56-04-2]
Metronidazole [443-48-1]
Mirex [2385-85-5]
Mitomycin C [50-07-7]
Monocrotaline [315-22-0]
5-(Morpholinomethyl)-3-[(5-nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2- oxazolidinone [3795-88-8]
Nafenopin [3771-19-5]
Nickel, metallic [7440-02-0] and alloys
Niridazole [61-57-4]
Nitrilotriacetic acid [139-13-9] and its salts (NB: Evaluated as a group)
5-Nitroacenaphthene [602-87-9]
2-Nitroanisole [91-23-6]
Nitrobenzene [98-95-3]
6-Nitrochrysene [7496-02-8]
Nitrofen [1836-75-5] (technical-grade)
2-Nitrofluorene [607-57-8]
1-[(5-Nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-imidazolidinone [555-84-0]
N-[4-(5-Nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]acetamide [531-82-8]
Nitrogen mustard N-oxide [126-85-2]
2-Nitropropane [79-46-9]
1-Nitropyrene [5522-43-0]
4-Nitropyrene [57835-92-4]
N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine [924-16-3]
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine [1116-54-7]
N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine [621-64-7]
3-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)propionitrile [60153-49-3]
4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) [64091-91-4]
N-Nitrosomethylethylamine [10595-95-6]
N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine [4549-40-0]
N-Nitrosomorpholine [59-89-2]
N'-Nitrosonornicotine [16543-55-8]
N-Nitrosopiperidine [100-75-4]
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine [930-55-2]
N-Nitrososarcosine [13256-22-9]
Ochratoxin A [303-47-9]
Oil Orange SS [2646-17-5]
Oxazepam [604-75-1]
Panfuran S (containing dihydroxymethylfuratrizine [794-93-4])
Pentachlorophenol [87-86-5]
Phenazopyridine hydrochloride [136-40-3]
Phenobarbital [50-06-6]
Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride [63-92-3]
Phenyl glycidyl ether [122-60-1]
Phenytoin [57-41-0]
PhIP (2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine) [105650-23-5]
Ponceau MX [3761-53-3]
Ponceau 3R [3564-09-8]
Potassium bromate [7758-01-2]
Progestins
1,3-Propane sultone [1120-71-4]
beta-Propiolactone [57-57-8]
Propylene oxide [75-56-9]
Propylthiouracil [51-52-5]
Rockwool
Saccharin [81-07-2]
Safrole [94-59-7]
Schistosoma japonicum (infection with)
Slagwool
Sodium ortho-phenylphenate [132-27-4]
Sterigmatocystin [10048-13-2]
Streptozotocin [18883-66-4]
Styrene [100-42-5] (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Sulfallate [95-06-7]
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (TCDD) [1746-01-6]
Tetranitromethane [509-14-8]
Thioacetamide [62-55-5]
4,4'-Thiodianiline [139-65-1]
Thiourea [62-56-6]
Toluene diisocyanates [26471-62-5] ortho-Toluidine [95-53-4]
Trichlormethine (Trimustine hydrochloride)
Trp-P-1 (3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole) [62450-06-0]
Trp-P-2 (3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole) [62450-07-1]
Trypan blue [72-57-1]
Uracil mustard [66-75-1]
Urethane [51-79-6]
Vinyl acetate [108-05-4]
4-Vinylcyclohexene [100-40-3]
4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide [107-87-6]

Mixtures
Bitumens [8052-42-4], extracts of steam-refined and air-refined
Carrageenan [9000-07-1], degraded
Chlorinated paraffins of average carbon chain length C12 and average degree of chlorination approximately 60%
Coffee (urinary bladder) (NB: There is some evidence of an inverse relationship between coffee drinking and cancer of the large bowel; coffee drinking could not be classified as to its carcinogenicity to other organs)
Diesel fuel, marine (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Engine exhaust, gasoline
Fuel oils, residual (heavy)
Gasoline (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms)
Pickled vegetables (traditional in Asia)
Polybrominated biphenyls [Firemaster BP-6, 59536-65-1]
Toxaphene (Polychlorinated camphenes) [8001-35-2]
Toxins derived from Fusarium moniliforme
Welding fumes

Exposure circumstances
Carpentry and joinery
Dry cleaning (occupational exposures in)
Printing processes (occupational exposures in)
Textile manufacturing industry (work in)

National Toxicology Program

The NTP (National Toxicology Program) prepares the annual report on carcinogens which is issued by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services. Carcinogenic substances are grouped as "known carcinogens" or "reasonably anticipated to be carcinogens". The NTP prepares annual reports on materials that have been shown or are suspected to cause cancer in humans. "Known carcinogens" are defined in the NTP report as those materials for which there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans to indicate a causal relationship between the agent and human cancer.

The following list compiled by the NTP are such materials known to be carcinogenic:

Aflatoxins (CAS No. 1402-68-2)
Aminobiphenyl (CAS No. 92-67-1)
Analgesic mixtures containing phenacetin
Arsenic and certain arsenic compounds
Asbestos (CAS No. 1332-21-4)
Azathioprine (CAS No. 446-86-6)
Benzene(CAS No. 71-43-2)
Benzidine (CAS No. 92-87-5)
Bis(Chloromethyl)ether and tech-grade chloromethyl methyl ether (CAS Nos. 542-88-1 and 107-30-2)
1,4-butanediol dimethyl-sulfonate (MYLERAN) (CAS No. 55-98-1)
Chlorambucil(CAS No. 305-03-3)
(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (MeCCNU) (CAS No. 13909-09-6)
Chromium and certain chromium compounds
Conjugated estrogens
Cyclophosphamide (CAS No. 50-18-0)
Diethylstilbestrol(CAS No. 56-53-1)
Erionite (CAS No. 66733-21-9)
Melphalan (CAS No. 148-82-3)
Methoxsalen with ultraviolet A therapy (PUVA)
Mustard gas (CAS No. 505-60-2)
2-Naphthalamine (CAS No. 91-59-8)
Radon(CAS No. 10043-92-2)
Thorium dioxide (CAS No. 1314-20-1)
Vinyl chloride (CAS No. 75-01-4)

In addition, the NTP is responsible for evaluating materials that are suspected or reasonably anticipated to be carcinogens. The phrase "reasonably anticipated to be carcinogens" defines carcinogens for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and/or sufficient evidence in experimental animals. Sufficient evidence in animals means that there are positive carcinogenicity findings in multiple strains and species of animals, in multiple experiments, or to an unusual degree with regard to incidence, site or type of tumor, or age of onset.

The following list of materials has been compiled by the NTP as anticipated carcinogens:

Acetaldehyde (CAS No. 75-07-0)
2-Acetylaminofluorene (CAS No. 53-96-3)
Acrylamide (CAS No. 79-06-1)
Acrylonitrile (CAS No. 107-13-1)
2-Aminoanthraquinone (CAS No. 117-79-3)
o-Aminoazotoluene (CAS No. 97-56-3)
1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone (CAS No. 82-28-0)
Amitrole (CAS No. 61-82-5)
o-Anisidine hydrochloride (CAS No. 134-29-2)
Benzotrichloride (CAS No. 98-07-7)
Beryllium and certain beryllium compounds
Bischloroethyl nitrosourea (CAS No. 154-93-8)
Bromodichloromethane (CAS No. 75-27-4)
1,3-Butadiene (CAS No. 106-99-0)
Butylated hydroxyanisole (CAS No. 25013-16-5)
Cadmium and certain cadmium compounds
Carbon tetrachloride (CAS No. 56-23-5)
Ceramic fibers (respirable size)
Chlorendic acid (CAS No. 115-28-6)
Chlorinated paraffins (C12, 60% CHLORINE) (CAS No. 108171-26-2)
1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) (CAS No. 13010-47-4)
Chloroform (CAS No. 67-66-3)
3-Chloro-2-methylpropene (CAS No. 563-47-3)
4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine (CAS No. 95-83-0)
C.I. Basic red 9 monohydrochloride (CAS No. 569-61-9)
Cisplatin (CAS No. 15663-27-1)
p-Cresidine (CAS No. 120-71-8)
Cupferron (CAS No. 135-20-6)
DDT (CAS No. 50-29-3)
2,4-Diaminoanisole sulfate (CAS No. 39156-41-7)
2,4-Diaminotoluene (CAS No. 95-80-7)
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (CAS No. 96-12-8)
1,2-Dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide)(CAS No. 106-93-4)
1,4-Dichlorobenzene (CAS No. 106-46-7)
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine and 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine 2HCl (CAS Nos. 91-94-1 and 612-83-9)
1,2-Dichloroethane (CAS No. 107-06-2)
Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) (CAS No. 75-09-2)
1,3-Dichloropropene (technical grade) (CAS No. 542-75-6)
Diepoxybutane (CAS No. 1464-53-5)
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (CAS No. 117-81-7)
Diethyl sulfate (CAS No. 64-67-5)
Diglycidyl resorcinol ether (CAS No. 101-90-6)
3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine & 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine 2HCl (CAS Nos. 119-90-4 and 20325-40-0)
4-Dimethylamino-azobenzene (CAS No. 60-11-7)
3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine (CAS No. 119-93-7)
Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride (CAS No. 79-44-7)
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine (CAS No. 57-14-7)
Dimethyl sulfate (CAS No. 77-78-1)
Dimethylvinyl chloride (CAS No. 513-37-1)
1,4-Dioxane (CAS No. 123-91-1)
Direct black 38 (CAS No. 1937-37-7)
Direct blue 6 (CAS No. 2602-46-2)
Epichlorohydrin (CAS No. 106-89-8)
Estrogens (not conjugated):estradiol-17beta (CAS No. 50-28-2)
Estrogens (not conjugated) estrone: (CAS No. 53-16-7)
Estrogens (not conjugated):ethinylestradiol (CAS No. 57-63-6)
Estrogens (not conjugated):mestranol (CAS No. 72-33-3)
Ethyl acrylate (CAS No. 140-88-5)
Ethylene oxide (CAS No. 75-21-8)
Ethylene thiourea (CAS No. 96-45-7)
Ethyl methanesulfonate (CAS No. 62-50-0)
Formaldehyde (gas) (CAS No. 50-00-0)
Glasswool (Respirable Size)
Glycidol (CAS No. 556-52-5)
Hexachlorobenzene (CAS No. 118-74-1)
Hexachloroethane (CAS No. 67-72-1)
Hexamethyl-phosphoramide (CAS No. 680-31-9)
Hydrazine and hydrazine sulfate (CAS Nos. 302-01-2 and 10034-93-2)
Hydrazobenzene (CAS No. 122-66-7)
Iron dextran complex (CAS No. 9004-66-4)
Kepone¬ (chlordecone) (CAS No. 143-50-0)
Lead acetate and lead phosphate (CAS Nos. 301-04-2 and 7446-27-7)
Lindane and other hexachlorocyclohexane isomers
2-Methylaziridine (propyleneimine) (CAS No. 75-55-8)
4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA) (CAS No. 101-14-4)
4,4'-Methylenebis(n,n-dimethylbenzenamine) (CAS No. 101-61-1)
4,4'-Methylenedianiline and its dihydrochloride (CAS Nos. 101-77-9 and 13552-44-8)
Methyl methanesulfonate (CAS No. 66-27-3)
N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (CAS No. 70-25-7)
Metronidazole (CAS No. 443-48-1)
Michler's ketone (CAS No. 90-94-8)
Mirex (CAS No. 2385-85-5)
Nickel and certain nickel compounds
Nitrilotriacetic acid (CAS No. 139-13-9)
Nitrofen (CAS No. 1836-75-5)
Nitrogen mustard hydrochloride (CAS No. 55-86-7)
2-Nitropropane (CAS No. 79-46-9)
N-Nitrosodi-N-butylamine (CAS No. 924-16-3)
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine (CAS No. 1116-54-7)
N-Nitrosodiethylamine (CAS No. 55-18-5)
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (CAS No. 62-75-9)
N-Nitrosodi-N-propylamine (CAS No. 621-64-7)
N-Nitroso-N-Ethylurea (CAS No. 759-73-9)
4-(N-Nitrosomethyl-amino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) (CAS No. 64091-91-4)
N-Nitroso-N-Methylurea (CAS No. 684-93-5)
N-Nitrosomethyl-vinylamine (CAS No. 4549-40-0)
N-Nitrosomorpholine (CAS No. 59-89-2)
N-Nitrosonornicotine (CAS No. 16543-55-8)
N-Nitrosopiperidine (CAS No. 100-75-4)
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (CAS No. 930-55-2)
N-Nitrososarcosine (CAS No. 13256-22-9)
Norethisterone (CAS No. 68-22-4)
Ochratoxin A (CAS No. 303-47-9)
4,4'-Oxydianiline (CAS No. 101-80-4)
Oxymetholone (CAS No. 434-07-1)
Phenacetin (CAS No. 62-44-2)
Phenazopyridine hydrochloride (CAS No. 136-40-3)
Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride (CAS No. 63-92-3)
Phenytoin (CAS No. 57-41-0)
Polybrominated biphenyls
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 15 listings
Procarbazine hydrochloride (CAS No. 366-70-1)
Progesterone (CAS No. 57-83-0)
1,3-Propane sultone (CAS No. 1120-71-4)
beta-Propiolactone (CAS No. 57-57-8)
Propylene oxide (CAS No. 75-56-9)
PropylthiouraciL (CAS No. 51-52-5)
Reserpine (CAS No. 50-55-5)
Saccharin (CAS No. 128-44-9)
Safrole (CAS No. 94-59-7)
Selenium sulfide (CAS No. 7446-34-6)
Silica, crystalline (respirable size)
Streptozotocin (CAS No. 18883-66-4)
Sulfallate (CAS No. 95-06-7)
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (CAS No. 1746-01-6)
Tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene) (CAS No. 127-18-4)
Tetranitromethane (CAS No. 509-14-8)
Thioacetamide (CAS No. 62-55-5)
Thiourea (CAS No. 62-56-6)
Toluene diisocyanate (CAS No. 26471-62-5)
o-Toluidine and o-toluidine hydrochloride (CAS Nos. 95-53-4 and 636-21-5)
Toxaphene (CAS No. 8001-35-2)
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (CAS No. 88-06-2)
Tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine sulfide (THIOTEPA) (CAS No. 52-24-4)
Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (CAS No. 126-72-7)
Urethane (CAS No. 51-79-6)
4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide (CAS No. 106-87-6)

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

OSHA does not maintain a list of known carcinogens but does regulate a number of specific carcinogenic materials through standards. The standards provide very strict guidelines on handling, use and storage of these materials, including information regarding sampling, medical monitoring, training, labeling and hazard communications. The carcinogens regulated by OSHA and the corresponding standard are:

Asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite and actinolite [1910.1001]
4-Nitrobiphenyl [1910.1003]
alpha-Naphthylamine [1910.1004]
Methyl chloromethyl ether [1910.1006]
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine [1910.1007]
bis-Chloromethyl ether [1910.1008]
beta-Naphthylamine [1910.1009]
Benzidine[1910.1010]
4-Aminodiphenyl [1910.1011]
Ethyleneimine [1910.1012]
beta-Propiolactone [1910.1013]
2-Acetylaminofluorene [1910.1014]
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene [1910.1015]
N-Nitrosodimethylamine [1910.1016]
Vinyl Chloride [1910.1017]
Inorganic Arsenic [1910.1018]
Benzene [1910.1028]
Coke oven emissions [1910.1029]
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane [1910.1044]
Acrylonitrile [1910.1045]
Ethylene oxide [1910.1047]
Formaldehyde [1910.1048]

Created and maintained by Nancy Magnussen
last revised 23 Aug 1996
nancy@isc.tamu.edu